Mar Mari - A window into the world of Apostolic succession

To the average member of the Assyrian Church of the East, the mention of Mar Mari would more than likely make us think about Mar Addai – one of Christ’s seventy two disciples. This is because together, Mar Addai and Mar Mari are infamously known and will always be remembered for composing The Church of the East liturgy in the Syriac language for the first Church they founded in Edessa. This liturgy has been translated to various languages through the years; such as English, vernacular Syriac and Arabic and is used to this day in our universal Church.

But there is more to Mar Mari than the simple reputation he has earned as being Mar Addai’s disciple and associate worker in the Edessan Church. When we delve into the history of Mar Mari as we read from the Acts of Mar Mari the Apostle, we start to truly unveil the magnitude of this holy man’s character and personality  as portrayed through his mighty faith and humble works in the name of the Lord Jesus.

Our Lord Jesus had instructed the Apostle Thomas to ensure one was sent to heal King Abgar of Edessa of his illness as He had promised him by letter when the King had faithfully requested healing from the Lord. After Christ's ascension, Saint Thomas commissioned Mar Addai, one of the seventy-two of Christ’s disciples to go to Edessa to heal King Abgar in the name of the Lord Jesus.  After King Abgar’s miraculous healing at the hand of Mar Addai, and the subsequent healings and miracles he performed in the name of the Lord, the whole city of Edessa and its suburbs were converted to Christianity.

After he had built the church in Edessa, equipped it with whatever it deserved, and appointed priests and deacons in the city and in its suburbs, Addai the Apostle left this world in peace on Thursday, the fourteenth of the month of Iyyar (May), ending his lovely contests with the trophy of victory. ¹

Before the blessed Addai died, he selected one of his disciples named Mari who was living in the love of God and was adorned with virtuous manners. He placed his right hand on Mari as conferred to him by our Lord Jesus Christ  (Syameeda/Ordination), and sent him to the eastern region, to the land of Babylonia, ordering him to go and preach there the word of our Lord. The blessed Mar Mari left Edessa to begin preaching until he reached the city of Nisibis. After the blessed one converted the city of Nisibis, planted in it the truth of the true faith, overthrew its idols, and shattered its statues, he built in it churches and monasteries and set teachers and a school.

From there, he moved to the land of Arzen, with Anasimos the priest who came with him from Edessa, along with Philippus, Malkiso, and Adda — his disciples — as well as with many other people. He dispatched one of the latter—Philippus by name—to Qardu. ²

Mar Mari was held in honour by the King of the city of Arzen in particular, because of his gentleness, humbleness, and joyful countenance—for Mar Mari was very meek and very kind toward everyone, and in him jealousy and anger had no place whatsoever.

Mar Mari and his companions travelled throughout the cities of Mesopotamia performing miracles in the name of the Lord Jesus and gaining the faith of all the pagan inhabitants he had preached to by performing miracles of healing to many of the cities kings and nobles while also exposing the worthless pagan gods they worshipped through the power and light of the One true God.

One of the many great miracles that Mar Mari performed was immediately after he had healed the king of Erbil from leprosy by anointing him with oil and water which he had blessed in the sign of the living Cross. The military commander of the king witnessed the miracle and begged Mar Mari to heal his son who had been tormented by a spirit in such a way that he had to restrain him with two chains. The name of that child who was very handsome, was Daway.

The Apostle Mar Mari said to him: “Go and bring your child here, so that you may realize the love of my Lord Christ for him.” When the child came in, he screamed loudly and foamed at the mouth, and the demon threw him down as if he were dead.

Then the Apostle Mar Mari drew near to him, and said to that devil: “I order you, accursed demon, in the name of Jesus Christ who overthrew your power and who is now destroying You, get out of this creature of God, without harming him in any way!”  The accursed demon shouted, saying: “Where do you order me to go?” The blessed one said to him: “Go with all your company to Lower Tartarus (Hades)!” Then that accursed demon came out, turned as it were into a dark whirlwind, and was never found again. Then the child stood up, praised God, and fell at the feet of the blessed Mar Mari the Apostle and kept kissing them.

On the same day, the king and all the members of his family, the military commander and his son Qardway and all their relatives, the eunuchs of the king, and all his nobles were baptized. Realizing the signs and the miracles that were performed, one high priest of the king and the members of his family believed in our Lord. They threw down the idols, which they used to worship, and smashed them, throwing their dust into the Greater Zab. Mar Mari won the entire region of Athor and Nineveh to the true and glorious faith. ³  

The miracles that Mar Mari had performed in the region of the (two) Zab (rivers) are many. The mouth is indeed not able to relate them, nor can books contain the signs, miracles, and wonders that our Lord performed through his hands.  Let us not be surprised, my beloved ones, and say that he was the last among the apostles, for Paul was chosen after all the other apostles. Though in terms of selection he was the last of (all) the apostles, the region, which became his lot, testifies about his greatness, for he is numbered with Simon Kepha. For Paul converted the first among all other cities, Rome. He too converted the most important among the lands within the (four) regions of the whole world, bringing them to the faith in Christ.

The natives of Seleucia proved to be the most challenging and obstinate of Pagans for Mar Mari to convert. But after a whole year of perseverance and patience, he converted the king and natives of the city of Seleucia and through performing further miracles also converted the city of Ctesiphon across the river. He had the pagan temples demolished and Churches built in their place. The famous temple of the pagan goddess Ishtar that sat on the banks of the Tigris River was demolished and the famous Patriarchal Church of Kokhe was built in that area.

The blessed one circulated through the territories of the East for many years, consecrating churches and harmonizing them. He also appointed a person who would be a leader of the Church of Kokhe and who would stand at the head of the bishops of the East, for in terms of spiritual instruction, she is the oldest. After many years during which he was engaged in instruction and absorbed by virtuous deeds with the fear of God, he left the cities of Seleucia and Ctesiphon in which he lived during that time and arrived at the church that was built in Dura-d-Qunni for him. He called upon his disciple Papa before the entire church and appointed him leader in his stead. While people, young and old, were assembled around the blessed Mar Mari he spoke and said to them:

“As you saw with your own eyes, as I instructed you, and as I conducted myself with you, you too must conduct yourselves among each other accordingly. And as my colleagues the apostles conducted themselves according to the rites and rules that were set for the disciples in Jerusalem, you too must conduct yourselves according to them. Do not turn away from them, neither to the right nor to the left. Take care to practice unity among yourselves, and may you watch over it with fear and awe. May you keep up the time of prayer continuously. Do not be friends of the crucifiers, lest you be answerable along with them for the blood for our Lord Jesus Christ.”

Papa and his colleagues answered and said to him: “Christ who sent you to us is witness: you have taught us the true faith in which we live, and as we heard from you thus we will do!” After these events the blessed Mar Mari left this world, departing to the eternal life. His holy body was deposited and buried in the church, which he himself built and completed in Dur-Qunni, before the sanctuary, and inside which his commemoration is perpetuated to the end, following the order of Papa, the heir of his see who also continued the faithful work of the honourable and distinguished Mar Mari established priests and leaders in the whole land of the East. ⁴

Let us faithful of the Assyrian Church of the East in the 21^st Century also take heed of the blessed Mar Mari’s words and be encouraged by his unmoving faith in the Lord Jesus Christ. The faithful works of this saint should be esteemed, remembered and praised for converting so many pagans to the Christian faith through the strength and aide of the Lord. Let us look to Mar Mari’s  disease-healing, demon-exorcizing, fire-extinguishing faith and aim to live with the same zealous and passionate trust in the Lord to conquer our everyday obstacles as we continuously grow in our faith for the glory of God.

This week’s song: Hymn before the gospel – Assyrian Church of the East

1.       Harrak, Amir. "The Acts of Mar Mari the Apostle/ translated from Syriac ." In The Acts of Mar Mari the Apostle, pp 11. Society of Biblical Literature, 2005.

2.       Harrak, Amir. "The Acts of Mar Mari the Apostle/ translated from Syriac ." In The Acts of Mar Mari the Apostle, pp 14-15. Society of Biblical Literature, 2005.

3.       Harrak, Amir. "The Acts of Mar Mari the Apostle/ translated from Syriac ." In The Acts of Mar Mari the Apostle, pp 22. Society of Biblical Literature, 2005.

4.       Harrak, Amir. "The Acts of Mar Mari the Apostle/ translated from Syriac ." In The Acts of Mar Mari the Apostle, pp 77. Society of Biblical Literature, 2005.

Who was St Jacob of Nisibis and what can we learn from this 4th Century Bishop?

At a time when persecution against the Church of the East was rampant under the Persian Empire, let us look to a great Bishop who courageously endured the opposition of persecutors to faithfully shepherd his people by ensuring their spiritual life was not neglected amidst the hard trials they faced as a Church. Let us look to St Jacob of Nisibis’ faith and works for the Church and learn to appreciate the freedom that we are born into in the western world, not take our faith for granted and also be encouraged to keep the flame of our faith and Church burning strong for the glory of our Lord and the edification of our future generations.

Our Righteous Father Jacob of Nisibis, also James of Nisibis , Jacob the Great , Jacob of Mygdonia or Mar Ya`qub , called the "Moses of Mesopotamia" for his wisdom and wonderworking abilities, was the second bishop of Nisibis, spiritual father of the renowned Syriac writer and theologian Ephraim the Syrian, celebrated ascetic and one of the 318 fathers of the First Ecumenical Council at Nicaea.

Jacob was born at Nisibis (currently Nusaybin, Turkey) towards the end of the third century, the son of Prince Gefal (Armenia) by some accounts he is said to have been nearly related to his contemporary Gregory the Illiuminator, the Apostle of Armenia. According to St. Eugene (Augin), St. Jacob came from the tribe and the family of St. James the brother of our Lord.

At an early age he devoted himself to the life of solitary, practicing the severest self-discipline. He liked the solitude and the peace of the desert, and he lived in the mountains around the city of Nisibis, on the border of the Persian and Roman empires. In the summer he lived in crevices of the mountains, and in the winter he lived for a short time in a cave. His food was not what he had sown, but what grew there on its own, such as fruits from wild trees and green plants that grew in the desert. His clothing was made of hard goat's hair.

He always fed on spiritual food which came through prayer which also kept his thoughts pure. Through his asceticism, he gained a deeper connection with God. He had the gift of foresight, and by the grace of the Spirit, he received the gift of miracles.

During this period of his life he went on a journey to Persia for the purpose of confirming the faith of the Christians there, who were enduring persecutions under Shapur II. Theodoret of Cyrrhus records several miracles as taking place at this time. In addition, Gennadius reports that Jacob was a courageous confessor during the Maximinian persecution as well.

After leading a severe life in the mountains of Kurdistan with St.Eugene (Augin), the founder of Persian monasticism, he became the second bishop of Nisibis in 309 (succeeding Mar Babu 300-309). Upon the vacancy of that see, which was his native city, Jacob was compelled by the demand of the people to become their bishop. He was then forced to exchange his desert life with life in the city. Although he moved to the city, he changed neither his food, nor his asceticism, nor his simple clothing. In his new position, he worked especially to help the oppressed, those in need, orphans, widows and the poor, for he was moved by awe and holy fear of Jesus, our Lord and Saviour.

As bishop of Nisibis, Jacob was the spiritual father of Ephraim the Syrian, who was baptized by him and remained by his side as long as he lived.

The most famous miracle of St. Jacob was that by which he protected the city of Nisibis from the Persians, as is related by Theodoret both in his religious and ecclesiastical history, by Theophanes, and even by Philostogius himself, who was a rank Arian (heretic), and cannot be suspected of being too favourable to St. Jacob.

After Constantine the Great died in the year 337 and his sons had taken over the kingdom, the Persian king Shapur II (309-379) besieged Nisibis three times over, during his war against the Romans. St. Jacob and St. Ephraim prayed with the people in the church each time, asking God to help them. The bishops' intercession during the final siege in 350 saved the city: Theodoret offers a particularly vivid picture of his contribution to the defence of the fortress. At the urging of Ephraim and the rest of the inhabitants he ascended the walls of Nisibis to pray for them and curse the Persians.

The bishop would not pray for the destruction of any one; but he implored the divine mercy that the city might be delivered from the calamities of so long a siege. Afterwards, going to the top of a high tower, and turning his face towards the enemy, and seeing the prodigious multitude of men and beasts which covered the whole country, he said: “Lord, thou art able by the weakest means to humble the pride of thy enemies; defeat these multitudes by an army of gnats.” God heard the humble prayer of his servant, as he had done that of Moses against the Egyptians, and as he had by the like means vanquished the enemies of his people when he conducted them out of Egypt. For scarcely had the saint spoken those words, when whole clouds of gnats and flies came pouring down upon the Persians, got into the elephants’ trunks, and the horses’ ears and nostrils, which made them chafe and foam, throw their riders, and put the whole army into confusion and disorder. A famine and pestilence which followed, carried off a great part of the army; and Sapor, after lying above three months before the place, set fire to all his own engines of war, and was forced to abandon the siege and return home with the loss of twenty thousand men.

Around A.D. 350 St. Jacob founded the School of Nisibis, after the model of the school of Diodorus of Tarsus in Antioch, in which he himself was an instructor. Through the Holy Spirit he had a strong and holy influence on the hearts of his students. When the Persians conquered Nisibis in 363, the School was moved to Edessa and re-established there by St. Ephraim the Syrian, where it operated from 363–489.

The Venerable Bishop Jacob died peacefully in Nisibis, according to some in A.D. 338, and according to others in A.D. 350. He was honourably interred within the city, in pursuance, it is said, of an express charge of Constantine the Great to his son Constantius, indicative of the reverence he held for him, that after death his hallowed remains might continue to defend Nisibis against its enemies.

When Nisibis was yielded to the Persian monarch in 363, the Christian inhabitants carried the sacred relics with them, which, according to the Menologion of the Armenians at Venice, were brought to Constantinople about the year 970. (Orthodox Wiki n.d.)

It is important for the Church today to look to our past Church fathers and learn of the defiance and opposition they endured in order to keep the faith alive in the Church and share among the world. Let us take heart from their trials and endeavour to share their zeal without growing weary or feeling discouraged by the persecutions of post-modern society and wider Christian circles, but instead, let us aim to grow in our knowledge of the faith, pray earnestly for moving miracles and through the same Spirit, boldly share the gospel and teachings of the Church with those who are in need.

St Jacob of Nisibis Basilica, Nisibis

Orthodox Wiki. n.d. http://orthodoxwiki.org/Jacob_of_Nisibis (accessed July 21, 2012).

The martyrdom of Mar Kuriakos and his mother Julitta (304 A.D)

As the Assyrian Church of the East worldwide commemorates the martyrdom of Mar Kuriakos and his mother, let us look upon and be encouraged by the faith of this blessed three-year old martyr and his mother as we learn from their pious plight to death and how we can apply this same zealous faith to our lives as Christians of the 21^st century.

Julitta was of noble birth. She was widowed young, and left with a newborn child, Kyriakos. She lived in Iconium, a city of Lycaonia, and was a very devout Christian. She had her son baptised immediately after his birth and, when he was three years old, instructed him in the Faith and taught him to pray insofar as a child of that age is capable of learning.

The mother and child were martyred during the last particularly fierce persecutions of Christians under the Emperor Diocletian (284-305). In order to escape persecution, she took refuge at Tarsus in Cilicia with her child, who was then three years old. She was recognized as a Christian and reported to the authorities, and brought before the tribunal of the prefect Alexander. Because her two servants took flight, she had to bring her small son with her.

When Julitta refused to pray to the idols, the prefect Alexander took the child from her arms and ordered her to be whipped with raw thongs. At the sight of his mother’s tortures, Kuriakos began to cry out and shed tears. Alexander, who was holding the child in his lap, tried to quiet him with caresses and kind words. But the small child repulsed these blandishments with honor and scratched Alexander’s face with his nails, crying out, “I am a Christian!”

In astonishment, the prefect asked him who had taught him to speak. And the child answered, “Thy lack of wit is a wonder to me, that, seeing my age, you need ask who instructed me in the knowledge of the true God!” And he repeated the words, “I am a Christian!”

“But when they hand you over, do not worry about how or what you are to say; for it will be given you in that hour what you are to say.

Matthew 10:19"

Enraged, Alexander raised the child and hurled him down, dashing his head on the steps of the tribunal. Julitta, filled with joy, gave thanks to God that her son had gone before her into the heavenly realm. She herself was then flayed, plunged in boiling pitch, and at last beheaded. 

To prevent them from being buried by the Christians, the prefect ordered their bodies to be cut in pieces and scattered in different places. But an Angel collected the members, the Golden Legend tells us, and they were buried by the Christians under the cover of the night. Later, when peace was restored to the Church, an aged serving woman made known the resting place of the two bodies.

This year, the commemoration of Mar Kuriakos and his mother falls on the 12^th July. Let us look to the faith of these blessed martyrs’ who endured persecution in the name of the Lord Jesus, and aim to adopt the same faithful attitude; with the fear of God, unrelenting faith in every challenging situation and zeal for upholding His truth no matter what modern day persecutions confront us.

“ Then they will deliver you to tribulation, and will kill you, and you will be hated by all nations because of My name. ¹⁰ At that time many will fall away and will betray one another and hate one another. ¹¹ Many false prophets will arise and will mislead many. ¹² Because lawlessness is increased, most people’s love will grow cold. ¹³  But the one who endures to the end, he will be saved. ¹⁴ This gospel of the kingdom shall be preached in the whole world as a testimony to all the nations, and then the end will come.”

Matthew 24:9-14

May the prayers of the martyrs Mar Kuriakos and his mother bless you and your family.

The Martyrdom of Mar Kuriakos and his mother Julitta 304 A.D.

Commemoration Mar Yosip Khnanisho the Late Metropolitan 1893 - 1977

As we commemorate the saintly life of our late Metropolitan Mar Yosip Khnanisho this Sunday, let us learn more about his humble life and his faithful roles as a learned, pious clergy, a leader, ascetic and miracle worker in the Assyrian Church of the East, who laboured faithfully and tirelessly for the growth and edification of our Church and nation.


Most Assyrians are aware that Mar Yosip comes from a long line of succession in the family of Mar Khnanisho, the name borne by all the Metropolitans who accede to the see of Shamisdin the second highest office within the Church of the East. This Metropolitan cell of Shamisdin and Rustaqa was located in the village of Mar Ishu in the province of Shamisdin, Turkey. The Mar Ishu Monastery, built in the beginning of the 5th century, contained the office and the official residence of the Metropolitan.

The Mar Khnanisho family is well known for its piety, meekness, and nobility. According to historical documents preserved, twelve Metropolitans have occupied this exalted office within the Church administration, all of which have proven themselves, without any shadow of doubt, to be endowed with spiritual soundness, unimpaired virtues, sagacity and wisdom, moreover their faithfulness and devotion towards the leaders of the church have always been unequivocal and unfaltering. The graves of five of their holy fathers, buried within the temple of Mar Ishu's monastery, can be easily discerned from the engraved stones still intact. The tombs of three other deceased Metropolitans could not be found as the temple has undergone many changes in the course of the past several hundred years.

The twelfth and the last of the Metropolitans from the Mar Khnanisho family donated to the Church was His Beatitude the late Mar Yosip Khnanisho, (nora l sandooqeh) God rest his soul, who was called to Paradise by his Heavenly Father on Saturday the third of July, 1977, in the city of Baghdad, the Capital of Iraq (Bet Nahrain).


The mother of the late Metropolitan Mar Yosip Khnanisho, when conceived with her child, who was dedicated to the service of the Lord, exercised self-denial by abstaining from all food prepared from animal meat or meat being one of the ingredients, until the time he was born in 1893. From the moment he was born, Mar Yosip Khnanisho was brought up in rigid deference to the canonical demands of the Church. At an early age, while a young boy he was aware for what sublime position he was dedicated, thus he had learned by heart the complete Eucharistic rites, performed in the church by a deacon or priest. He was tutored adequately by a learned scholar, Rev. Rehana, his father's uncle, who was well versed in the Aramaic, Russian and Turkish languages and an Authority in Eastern theology. Rev. Rehana was the head of the Seminary in Mar Ishu Monastery and he taught classes to a number of students studying for the priesthood. From this Seminary many graduated to become bishops and priests in various dioceses and parishes.


When a twelve year old youth, Mar Yosip was ordained a deacon. By 1912 Mar yosip had already acquired a thorough knowledge of theology therefore he was found to be well suited to be ordained a priest. In the year 1914, at the beginning of World War 1, he was sent as a delegate, representing the Metropolitan Mar Iskhaq Khnanisho, to participate in a most important meeting called by His Holiness Mar Benyamin Shimon, the Catholicos Patriarch at the patriarchal cell in Qudchanis, Turkey, to discuss the effects of the World War on the Church and the nation and prepare for the changes that were expected to take place. While there he was consecrated a Bishop on August 10, 1914, by His Holiness and was appointed as assistant to the Patriot.


He remained in Qudchanis until 1916 when the Assyrians had to leave their homeland and all their worldly possessions in consequence of the Great War. After the treacherous assassination of the Patriarch Mar Benyamin in 1918, Mar Yosip assumed to a great extent, the leadership of the nation, until the Assyrians arrived in the refugee camps, set up by the Red Cross and League of Nations, at Baaqooba, Iraq in 1918. In December of 1918 His Lordship was elevated to the rank of Metropolitan in Baghdad Iraq, by the late Patriarch Mar Paulos Shimon.


When Mar Eshai Shimon, the Catholicos Patriarch, was exiled in 1933 by the ‘puppet monarchial regime of Iraq’, Mar Yosip Khnanisho was entrusted with the Church administration in Iraq and the Middle East.


In 1973 when Mar Eshai Shimon resigned his position as the Catholicos Patriarch, Mar Yosip Khnanisho was vested with responsibilities of administering the Church of the East throughout the world. At the same time the Iraqi government issued a Republican decree appointing Mar Yosip Khnanisho as the Supreme Head of all the Assyrians in Iraq.


On Sunday the 3rd of July 1977, at 1:10 PM. His Beatitude passed away in Baghdad, Iraq. His death coincides with the feast celebrated every year in memory of Mar Tooma Shlikha (St. Thomas the Apostle). His funeral services were conducted on Wednesday July 6, 1977, at the Church of Mar Gewargis in Dora, a suburb of Baghdad. Taking part in the services was His Beatitude Mar Narsai, Metropolitan of Lebanon, who flew from Beirut for the occasion, assisted by Mar Daniel, Bishop of Kirkuk, Iraq, and a very large number of priests and deacons. More than twelve thousand people came from all parts of Iraq to participate in the funeral procession of this revered and saintly figure who was beloved and adored by all who knew him.


A large number of dignitaries attended the funeral ceremonies, among them a high ranking government official representing His Excellency Ahmed Hassan Al Bakar, the President of Iraqi Republic, other ministers and officials, the Roman Catholic Archbishop representing His Holiness the Pope as ambassador to Iraq, His Holiness Mar Polis Shikho, the Patriarch of Babel of the Chaldean Church, His beatitude Mar Ignatius Zaka from the Syrian Orthodox Church, Mar Andrawas Sanna, Head of the Congress for Assyrian language and many others.
At 10:00 a.m., the draped coffin of the lamented Spiritual Leader, borne by clergy, acting as pall bearers, was removed from Mar Gewargis Church and placed in a hearse followed by thousands of mourners from all Christian denominations and Muslims too, with tears of grief, shedding over their faces. Hundreds of youth from our various parishes followed the casket bearing wreaths of garlands and photos of the departed ecclesiastic.


When the motorcade procession arrived at St. Mary's Church in Naireya, the final resting-place of this Holy man, a very large crowd had been congregating there for hours.
The final rites were administered in accordance with the church tradition, then all the mourners paid their last tribute to this beloved shepherd who has left his flock the virtues he possessed such as meekness, love, devotion, kindness, loyalty, forgiveness, integrity, humanity and righteousness. His Sanctified body has been buried in the ground and from his bones flow consolation and solace to the hearts of those who pray in his memory.


The late Mar Yosip Khnanisho has written many prayer books like Kashkol, a book of hymns, and has translated the liturgy of ordination, the Church sacraments, and others. He has authored many books of his own, including compositions of praise to be sung on religious holidays, many of which have been published in the book of “Turgama”.


The Sacred Aura that radiated from his saintly face will always be remembered by thousands who were privileged to have had an audience with him. He followed intently in the footsteps of His Lord and Master, Jesus Christ, and was seen on many occasions to physically disappear while in meditative prayer and return afterwards. One of the many of Mar Yosip’s well-known miracles was ridding the Syrian farmers from a detrimental locust plague to their crops after praying and fasting in the name of the Lord. He preached tolerance, compassion, magnanimity and modesty, fidelity and how to behave morally. It is appropriate that he be commemorated annually and a feast named after him in memory of his faithful service for our Lord and the many miracles he performed in His name which are a visible proof of his pious faith in the Lord Jesus Christ.


The memory of Mar Yosip Khnanisho will remain with us, for many generations to come. May he rest in peace with our Lord and may his faithful prayers bless our Church and people.

This week’s song: Mar Yosip Khanisho – Linda George

1.        Rasho, Shimshoon. A brief biography of the late Metropolitan. n.d. http://www.betnahrain.net/Biographies/mar%20yosip.htm (accessed July 5th, 2012).